The Racial Equation: Pan-Atlantic Eugenics, Race, And Colonialism in the Early Twentieth Century British Caribbean

This dissertation explores the intellectual discourse on race in the early twentieth century, particularly from 1919 to 1958, examining how British and American eugenicists and Caribbean nationalists debated the limits of colonial politics in the British Caribbean using academic and scientific language. These discussions emerged in the aftermath of World War I, the economic crises that led to the Great Depression, the political and labor unrest in the British Caribbean, and consequences of the Second World War. The dissertation’s goal is to examine how residents of the British Caribbean understood, appropriated, and challenged some of the principles of eugenics, particularly those espousing ideas of white superiority. The dissertation has taken great consideration of both private and published sources from white and black intellectuals in the Anglophone Caribbean to document the dissemination of concepts of race, ethnicity, and identity in the region during the interwar period. Additionally, focusing on such critical areas as education and social policies, it explores whether eugenic ideas influenced the twentieth-century governance of British West Indian colonies

Uso del habitat por el castor norteamericano invasor durante etapas de colonización intermedia y de largo plazo en la Patagonia austral

Desde su introducción en la Patagonia austral en 1946, el castor norteamericano (Castor canadensis) ha provocado graves impactos en ríos y bosques nativos. Científicos y tomadores de decisiones recomiendan su erradicación, requiriendo investigación para orientar acciones. John et al. (2010) mostraron que la predicción de presencia de castores, fundamental para planificar una erradicación, varía a través del tiempo (colonización inicial=ocupación de sitios al azar e impredecible; intermedia=ocupación predecible de sitios óptimos; antigua=ocupación impredecible de sitios sub-óptimos). Evaluamos presencia/ausencia de castores y variables de hábitat (geomorfología, suelo, vegetación) in situ y mediante imágenes satelitales en ríos de colonización intermedia (Península Brunswick ~1994) y antigua (Isla Navarino ~1960) para predecir el uso de hábitat de la especie. Construimos modelos de hábitat adecuado usando modelos lineales generalizados con las variables significativamente diferentes entre sitios con y sin castores. Como hipotetizamos, no fue posible obtener un modelo de hábitat para sitios de ocupación antigua. Sin embargo, la presencia de castores fue predecible en sitios de colonización intermedia y el mejor modelo incluyó solo la variable sinuosidad del rio y explicó un 74% de la variabilidad. Este modelo sugiere que los castores usan sitios con alta sinuosidad, variable que puede ser registrada en forma remota. La información obtenida desde sensores remotos requiere menores esfuerzos de trabajo en terreno, una aproximación que sería útil en áreas alejadas de la Patagonia austral donde el acceso a sitios colonizados por castor es dificultoso. Adicionalmente, estos resultados remarcan la complejidad de diseñar un programa de erradicación del castor a gran escala y la de predecir su ocupación en un gradiente de hábitats y etapas de colonización.Since their introduction to southern Patagonia in 1946, North American beavers (Castor canadensis) have become a major impact to streams and forests. Scientists and managers now call for their eradication, requiring research to orient actions. John et al. (2010) showed that predicting beaver presence, which is crucial to plan eradication efforts, varies throughout colonization time (initial=unpredictable occupation of random sites; intermediate=predictable occupation of optimal sites; long-term=unpredictable occupation of sub-optimal locations). Beaver presence/absence and habitat variables (geomorphology, soil, and vegetation) were measured in the field and from satellite images in sites colonized at intermediate (Brunswick Peninsula ~1994) and long-term (Navarino Island ~1960) periods to predict this species’ habitat use. Habitat suitability models were constructed using generalized linear models with those variables significantly different between sites with and without beaver. As hypothesized, a significant explanatory habitat model could not be developed for long-term occupation sites. However, beaver presence was predictable at intermediate colonization sites, and the best significant model included only river sinuosity and explained 74% of data variability. The model suggested that beavers used areas with greater river sinuosity, which could be measured from satellite images. Since remotely-sensed information requires less field effort, this approach could be useful in southern Patagonia’s remote areas, where access is difficult. Additionally, these findings highlight the overall difficulty of planning a large-scale beaver eradication program and predicting beaver habitat use across a gradient of habitat types and colonization stages.Fil: Davis, Ernesto F.. Centro de Estudios del Cuaternario; Argentina. Universidad de Magallanes; ChileFil: Valenzuela, Alejandro Eduardo Jorge. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Delegación Regional Patagonia; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego. Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Recursos Naturales y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Murcia, Silvia. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego; ArgentinaFil: Anderson, Christopher Brian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Administración de Parques Nacionales; Argentin

Density-dependent and landscape effects upon estuary rearing in Chinook salmon: insights from long-term monitoring in four Puget Sound estuaries

Juvenile Chinook salmon are well known for utilizing estuarine habitats within the tidal delta for rearing during outmigration. Several studies have linked population responses to availability of estuary habitat, and support the hypothesis that estuarine habitats are vital rearing areas for juvenile Chinook salmon. However, these coarse-scale studies provide little insight on how specific estuarine habitats contribute to rearing potential for salmon. We integrate long-term monitoring data from four estuaries of Puget Sound (Nooksack, Skagit, Snohomish, and Nisqually) to examine whether 1) Chinook populations in these rivers are limited by restricted estuary habitat, 2) hatchery releases can influence density dependent relationships in estuaries, 3) highly connected sites support higher densities of salmon, and 4) different habitat types support higher rearing densities of Chinook salmon. Across sampling locations within estuary systems, average annual rearing densities varied over four orders of magnitude. We found strong support for density dependence, habitat type, landscape connectivity, and hatchery release numbers influencing rearing densities, although all factors were not necessarily as important within each system, and effects of habitat type were particularly variable. Further work using bioenergetics models suggest that habitat-dependent variation in temperature can strongly influence growth in different systems, and that multiple habitats are likely important to provide suitable habitat for extended estuary rearing. These analyses are useful for determining the relative contribution of connectivity, cohort population size, and local habitat conditions for growth potential of Chinook salmon using estuarine habitats at early life stages, and shed light on likely impacts of climate change upon rearing conditions

Army Decade in Space

In the twelve short years since the announcement of the SMDC-ONE satellite initiative by Lieutenant General Kevin Campbell, then Commanding General of U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command (SMDC), SMDC has put in place an active program of satellite technology development and a Low Earth Orbit Investment Strategy that holds great promise for providing low-cost, responsive data from space as the next major evolution in technology to enable Multi-Domain Operations for the Army of 2028 and beyond. The first fruits of that initiative were seen ten years ago with launch and successful mission of the first SMDC-ONE satellite. This small satellite strategy has gained traction with Army and DoD leadership who embrace the small satellite paradigm. This paper discusses Army progress and lessons learned in the past ten years of small satellite efforts, discusses relationships with other organizations and looks forward to potential capabilities enabled by technology advancements and innovative partnerships

Focused Analysis of Exome Sequencing Data for Rare Germline Mutations in Familial and Sporadic Lung Cancer

AbstractIntroductionThe association between smoking-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer (LC) is well documented. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 28 susceptibility loci for LC, 10 for COPD, 32 for smoking behavior, and 63 for pulmonary function, totaling 107 nonoverlapping loci. Given that common variants have been found to be associated with LC in genome-wide association studies, exome sequencing of these high-priority regions has great potential to identify novel rare causal variants.MethodsTo search for disease-causing rare germline mutations, we used a variation of the extreme phenotype approach to select 48 patients with sporadic LC who reported histories of heavy smoking—37 of whom also exhibited carefully documented severe COPD (in whom smoking is considered the overwhelming determinant)—and 54 unique familial LC cases from families with at least three first-degree relatives with LC (who are likely enriched for genomic effects).ResultsBy focusing on exome profiles of the 107 target loci, we identified two key rare mutations. A heterozygous p.Arg696Cys variant in the coiled-coil domain containing 147 (CCDC147) gene at 10q25.1 was identified in one sporadic and two familial cases. The minor allele frequency (MAF) of this variant in the 1000 Genomes database is 0.0026. The p.Val26Met variant in the dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) gene at 9q34.2 was identified in two sporadic cases; the minor allele frequency of this mutation is 0.0034 according to the 1000 Genomes database. We also observed three suggestive rare mutations on 15q25.1: iron-responsive element binding protein neuronal 2 (IREB2); cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 5 (neuronal) (CHRNA5); and cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, beta 4 (CHRNB4).ConclusionsOur results demonstrated highly disruptive risk-conferring CCDC147 and DBH mutations

Effects of intrauterine exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids on fetal, newborn, and infant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in humans : a systematic review

BACKGROUND: Synthetic glucocorticoids are commonly used in reproductive medicine. Fetal organ systems are highly sensitive to changes in the intrauterine environment, including overexposure to glucocorticoids. Structural and functional alterations resulting from such changes may persist throughout life and have been associated with diverse diseases. One system that could be particularly sensitive to fetal glucocorticoid overexposure is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis. Many human studies have investigated this possibility, but a systematic review to identify consistent, emergent findings is lacking. METHODS: We systematically review 49 human studies, assessing the effects of intrauterine exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids on fetal, neonate, and infant hpa function. RESULTS: Study quality varied considerably, but the main findings held true after restricting the analyses to higher-quality studies: intrauterine exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids reduces offspring hpa activity under unstimulated conditions after pain but not pharmacological challenge. Although reduced unstimulated hpa function appears to recover within the first 2 wk postpartum, blunted hpa reactivity to pain is likely to persist throughout the first 4 months of life. There is some evidence that the magnitude of the effects is correlated with the total amount of glucocorticoids administered and varies with the time interval between glucocorticoid exposure and hpa assessment. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review has allowed the demonstration of the way in which intrauterine exposure to various regimens of synthetic glucocorticoids affects various forms of hpa function. As such, it guides future studies in terms of which variables need to be focused on in order to further strengthen the understanding of such therapy, whilst continuing to profit from its clinical benefits